Film Translation Services

Translation service providers provide translation services to film production and cinema distribution companies. The translation service includes effective localized language translation of material to the cinema sector in many forms and formats. Film translation services play a vital role in making people realize the importance of culture and language and respect the culture of other countries. This is one of the easiest way to shrunk the virtual world beyond one could imagine and break the barriers with the art of language. Whether domesticating or internationalizing in its approach, any form of audio-visual translation or the transmission of cultural values in film translation plays an important role in developing both national identities and national stereotypes.


History of Film Translation
Film translation started way back with silent movies. However, during the era of silent movies, translation was relatively easy. The so-called intertitles interrupted the course of a film every few minutes, so the target language titles were easily translated and put in place of the original ones. The problem of translation arose with the appearance of "talkies" in the late 1920s. Initially, the American film companies produced the same film in various language versions using the same set and scenario but different directors and actors. However, this was a very costly option . Moreover, the films did not win over the public and were of poor artistic quality. The problem was solved in France where studios were built which began to produce dubbed versions of films instead .

When it comes to translating foreign films, there are many reasons that contributed to the fact that France decided to adopt dubbing. First, the people of France always felt that the country had a cultural mission within the film art form. The French were deeply concerned about the purity of their culture and they always wanted to protect it from any foreign influence. Second, French were historically a successful instrument of political and cultural centralization. Moreover many French speakers believe that their language is superior than any other language and hence film translation or dubbing is important .

With France came Hollywood in film translation and occupied a major potion of the film translation market. Hollywood in order to avoid any interruption in its dominance of the international film market, took up voice dubbing and subtitling and thus helped in maintaining Hollywood's leading position.

The introduction of talkies led to a far-reaching influence on both larger and smaller countries. As film production costs rose, it became increasingly difficult for smaller countries to export their productions. These countries limited to their small domestic markets as a result of which their home production decreased and led to a rise in film imports. With film imports, dubbing of films in regional languages increased. Larger countries tended to dub imported foreign productions, while smaller ones settled on subtitling.

While initially the American (Hollywood) reigned the film market , the European countries like France, Italy, Germany and Spain in 1950 introduced protective measures to lessen the influence of American films in their territories. For instance, import quotas were imposed to protect domestic production, and special taxes were levied on imported films in some countries. At the same time, domestic production of films in regional languages in France, Italy, Germany and Spain was supported by the government through various subsidies and loans. By that time it was evident that film had become an extremely influential and profitable medium. Soon ,countries like India, China, and other South Asian countries moved into film production and translation.

Types of Film Translation
There are two major types of film translation:

• Dubbing: Dubbing refers to the method in which a foreign dialog is adjusted to the mouth and movements of the actor/actress in the film and thus makes it familiar to the target audience. Its basic purpose is making the audience feel as if they are listening to actors actually speaking the target language.
  
  
  
• Subtitling: Subtitling refers to translation of the films dialog in text form usually shown at the bottom of the screen. The text is written in the target language so that people understand the movie.
  
  

Classification of Countries by Translation Modes
The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies has classified countries in terms of translation mode they adopt in film translation which includes both cinema and television translation. The cost alone, however, does not define the choice of translation mode. It is also history that can throw some light on the question.

• Source-language countries: First, there are the source-language countries. These countries mean the contemporary world, that is the English-speaking countries like the United States or the United Kingdom. The foreign films are subtitled rather than dubbed. In Britain, film translation does not appear to be a big issue as the great majority of imported films are American and require no translation.
  
  
• Dubbing countries: Second, there are the dubbing countries, both in and outside Europe, comprising mainly French, Italian German, and Spanish-speaking countries which is also referred to as the FIGS group. In these countries the majority of films undergo the process of dubbing.
  
  
• Subtitling countries: There are the subtitling countries. These countries have a high percentage of imported films, and hence there is great and steady demand for translation. Subtitling is preferred to dubbing in countries like Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Slovenia, Greece, Croatia, Portugal and some non-European countries. In Belgium or Finland, where there are large communities speaking two languages, films are usually provided with double subtitles.
  
  
• Voice-over countries: According to the Routledge Encyclopaedia, the last group comprise mostly those that cannot afford dubbing, e.g. Russia or Poland.

It is to be noted that though India is not mentioned in The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies, India has come a long way in film translation. Not only nowadays, all Indian movies are translated in different languages of the state in forms of subtitle and dubbing, there are various Hollywood movies and other foreign language movies which are dubbed in Hindi and other Indian languages as well. Indian movies have become very popular abroad because of translation.

Applications of Film Translation
Film translation services in forms of dubbing or subtitles include:

• Documentaries
• Features
• Interviews
• Screenplays
• Film pictures /Movies
• Audio Sounds
• Theatre plays
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